Deudas, mal crédito, bancarrota y efectos migratorios

Deudas, mal crã ©dito, bancarrota y efectos migratorios Al iniciar un trmite migratorio como, por ejemplo, una peticiã ³n de recognizable o naturalizaciã ³n para obtener la ciudadanã ­a Yankee folklore es comã ºn preguntarse si las deudas pendientes, un mal crã ©dito o la bancarrotaâ pueden afectar negativamente a la solicitud. La razã ³n de esa preocupaciã ³n nace, por una parte, del requisito de tener una situaciã ³n econã ³mica saneada para solicitar ciertos beneficios migratorios, como por ejemplo la peticiã ³n de cã ³nyuge, hijos, hermanos o padres y, por otro, porque cierto tipo de deudas impide que salgan adelante peticiones migratorias.â Por su importancia, en este artã ­culo se explica en quã © casos yâ cã ³mo esas situaciones pueden afectar a los casos migratorios, destacando en preliminary lugar cuando child irrelevantes y, en segundo lugar, cuando sã ­ se tienen en cuenta a la hora de decidir si se aprueba o no una peticiã ³n migratoria. Adems, se seã ±alan quã © beneficios recibidos del gobierno se consideran carga pã ºblica y, por lo tanto, afectan negativamente y, por otro lado, cules se pueden recibir sin problemas porque no tienen consecuencias migratorias. Casos en los que las deudas y mal crã ©dito no tienen consecuencias migratorias Si se tiene una deuda por no pagar, por ejemplo, a la compa㠱ã ­a de telã ©fono, una deuda privada, la factura de un mã ©dico, and so on, no tiene generalmente efectos ni consulares ni migratorios negativas. Es decir, no afecta a lo que se resuelve con respecto a la peticiã ³n. Y ello es asã ­ porque se considera que child asuntos civiles. Lo mismo sucede con el mal crã ©dito. En el caso de peticiones para un recognizable de la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambiã ©n conocida comoâ green card,â lo que importa es que el solicitante tenga ingresos y/o patrimonioâ suficientes y demostrables para cubrir las obligaciones del affirmation of help, tambiã ©n conocido como declaraciã ³n de sostenimiento. Si tiene mal crã ©dito o deuda pendiente, es irrelevante. Casos en los que las malas finanzas sã ­ tienen efectos migratorios Cuando la deuda se convierte en un asunto corrective, como por ejemplo, en una estafa u otros semejantes entonces sã ­ que tiene efectos migratorios y puede ser causa para que nieguen visas, peticiones de residencia permanente o de ciudadanã ­a por naturalizaciã ³n. Tambiã ©n puede ser una causa para que se impida en el control de paso migratorioâ el ingreso an Estados Unidos de un extranjero. Si la deuda es con la Hacienda de Estados Unidos (IRS), tambiã ©n es un problema que feed que resolver bets de iniciar los trmites con inmigraciã ³n o los consulados. Si la deuda es mã ©dica y el importe de la factura lo pagã ³ Medicaid, tambiã ©n puede ser muy problemtico si se considera que fue un caso de carga pã ºblica. Por ejemplo, si una mujer extranjera tiene an un bebã © en Estados Unidos y no paga por el parto y luego se regresa a su paã ­s, tanto esa mam como el pap el bebã © pueden perder la visa de turista. Con el agravante de que no feed forma de salirse de este problema en concreto. Si se trata de una deuda por no pagar pensiã ³n alimenticia (youngster support), segã ºn las circunstancias del caso puede tener como consecuencia que no se pueden obtener visas americanas, ni la residencia permanente y la ciudadanã ­a por naturalizaciã ³n. Y, en casos extremos, puede dar lugar incluso a la deportaciã ³n. Incluso, dependiendo del monto de la deuda, los ciudadanos americanos pueden encontrase con que no pueden sacar el pasaporte y, por lo tanto, no pueden viajar internacionalmente. Destacar que el kid support puede ser solicitado no sã ³lo para niã ±os que viven en Estados Unidos sino tambiã ©n en el caso de residir en otros paã ­ses cuando tienen an al menos el padre o la madre viviendo en Estados Unidos. En estos casos, tener en cuenta queâ la Embajada Yankee folklore en el paã ­s de residencia del menor no puede ayudar en estos casos. La razã ³n es que este es un tema de los estados,â no del gobierno government. Algunos paã ­ses, como Mà ©xico, tienen firmados acuerdos de reclamo de pensiã ³n alimenticia con varios estados. En los casos en los que no feed stories acuerdos y se desea exigir el pago de dicha pensiã ³n, contactar con la agencia deâ child supportâ del estado en el que vive el pap o la mam. O contratar an unâ abogado en dicho estado. Adems, tener en cuenta que el tener un pap que es estadounidenseâ no da automticamente derecho an adquirir la ciudadanã ­a americanaâ cuando se nace fuera de los Estados Unidos. Ademsâ que en el caso de reclamar pensiones de alimentos en el caso de niã ±os nacidos fuera de matrimonio primero es necesarioâ establecer legalmente la filiaciã ³n. Quã © beneficios child considerados como una carga pã ºblica Uno de los requisitos legales para ser admisible a los Estados Unidos es no ser considerado una carga pã ºblica. Y es que por esta causa se pueden negar un amplio abanico de peticiones o concerns migratorias como, por ejemplo, unaâ visa no inmigrante o una visa inmigrante o el ajuste de Estatus o para adquirir la ciudadanã ­a por naturalizaciã ³n. Se considera que es una carga pã ºblica haber recibido del gobierno beneficios monetarios como, por ejemplo, el Suplemento de Ingresos de Seguridad (SSI, por sus siglas en inglã ©s), o Asistencia Temporal a Familias en Necesidad (TANF, por sus siglas en inglã ©s). Destacar que estos beneficios pueden recibir otros nombres dependiendo del estado. Por ejemplo,â en California al programa TANF se le conoce como CalWorks. Finalmente, tener en cuenta que la regla general sobre los efectos migratorios de recibir beneficios considerados como carga pã ºblica tiene importantes excepciones. Por ejemplo, asilados y refugiados pueden recibir TANF y SSI sin problemas. Quã © beneficios no se consideran carga pã ºblica Se puede recibir del gobierno sin problemas WIC para infantes y embarazadas, cupones o estampillas de alimentos, que en California reciben el nombre de Calfresh. Asimismo, se puede aceptar ayuda a la vivienda o para guarderã ­as, Headstar o Medicaid para menores. En otras palabras, recibir este tipo deâ beneficios no perjudica a peticiones o concerns migratorias que se realicen despuã ©s. Quã © hacer si se tiene una deuda con posibles consecuencias migratorias Si se tienen dudas sobre si una deuda puede afectar negativamente an una peticiã ³n migratoria, risks de presentarla es recomendable contactar con un abogado de buena reputaciã ³n o con una organizaciã ³n de apoyo lawful a migrantes para determinar si realmente tiene impacto migratorio y, en caso afirmativo, decidir quã © pasos tomar.â Generalmente en estos casos, lo ms recomendable es contactar con la agencia encargada del cobro de la deuda (assortment agencyâ en inglã ©s) e intentar llegar an un acuerdo sobre la cantidad a pagar y los plazos para hacerlo. Este es un artã ­culo informativo. No es asesorã ­a legitimate.

THE POLITICAL EVENTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT INFLUENCED GABRIEL GARCIA Essay

THE POLITICAL EVENTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT INFLUENCED GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ IN THE LEAF STORM - Essay Example Colombia is a South American nation that is affected firmly by Spanish standard and is the site of a few global exchange for nations like USA, France and Britain for more than four centuries now(Henderson 2). Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a Colombian essayist who has composed books that mirror the financial and social real factors of his coutry. This paper looks at the book, Leaf Storm which presents the clear realities about a fanciful town, Macondo situated in Colombia. It takes a gander at the political occasions and factors that went about as establishment for Marquez to compose the book and its suggestions in relations to that time of Colombian history. Leaf Storm is a story about the musings and perspectives on three ages of a family; a granddad (Colonel), a little girl and a grandson. Every one of them offer their perspectives and thoughts about a contention including the Colonel’s family and the individuals of Macondo who have an extraordinary contempt for a dead man who was the visitor of the house for a long time. The expired, who happened o be a specialist, was seen by the townsfolk as pitiless in light of the fact that he would not treat individuals from the town who were injured in the country’s common war however he was able to. The individuals of Macondo in this way felt the expired didn't merit a typical Christian entombment. Then again, the Colonel had made a promise to the perished to play out his entombment, since he had no known relatives. To pay tribute to his guarantee, the colonel looked to get the dead specialist a typical entombment and as individuals from his family, his little girl and grandson ne eded to help him in their contention against the individuals of Macondo. The book in this way gives records of the occasions from three viewpoints; a more established man, a youngster and a blameless kid. Every one of these portrayals demonstrate solid connects to Colombia’s political and social history. The portrayal gives off an impression of being set in 1909 (Marquez 2), a period connected with the various changes that happened in Colombia’s history including the Thousand Day War (1899 †1902) and the foundation of various banana estates including the United Fruit Company, which turned into a typical substance in the vast majority of Latin America in that point ever. These two occasions accompanied such a large number of complexities and endeavor that decided the governmental issues of the time. Pelayo(28) distinguishes three significant occasions throughout the entire existence of Colombia that are characterized quietly through the works of Leaf Storm. They in clude: 1. The appearance of the Banana Company 2. The individuals that the Banana Company pulled in (the leaf storm) 3. The finish of the Colombian Civil War The Thousand Day War Prior to 1909, the year the portrayal was set, there was a war in Colombia somewhere in the range of 1899 and 1902 known as the Thousand Day War. It included the individuals from the two significant political conventions of the nation: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. The nonconformists blamed the traditionalists for holding power through political race misrepresentation and this prompted the initiation of a war that saw monstrous pulverization of properties and human lives the nation over (Henderson 54). This war was additionally powered by monetary emergencies brought about by the falling espresso costs on the worldwide market. This pattern demonstrated the requirement for the expansion of the country’s economy by planting different yields like bananas to help Colombia and forestall ov erdependence on espresso sends out. Despite the fact that Marquez doesn't allude to the Thousand Day War straightforwardly in the book, it very well may be gathered legitimately that the 10 or so men who were injured and requested treatment from the perished specialist were engaged with that war. Likewise, they have all the earmarks of being battling on the revolutionaries and the dead specialist appeared to safeguard his trustworthiness by going without the treatment of renegades. This unmistakably shows the degree individuals went to take and secure their situations in the Thousand Day War. This shows there were a few elites and traditionalists who adhered to the decision government when the war won. This additionally shows the

Introduction To MIT World

Introduction To MIT World My first blog entry! Let me begin by introducing you to MIT World, a free and open on-demand video streaming web site that features public lectures at MIT. MIT World has been in operation since 2001 and today has a collection of almost 400 videos in its online collection (you can also find it on the MIT home page under Education â€" click on video). This primary source of unmediated content reflects a wide range of ideas that are discussed every day at MIT. Inside you will find more than 20 Nobel Laureates, leaders of many companies who have changed our world, who tell their first hand accounts of start up days (Amazon, Akamai), or amazing histories of longer established companies that have led innovation (UPS, Xerox, HP), as well as a vast assortment of engineers, technologists, innovators, poets, peacemakers, and scientists and even a physicist who is a poet â€" Frank Wilczek. With a collection of almost 400 videos, its a little daunting to pick one to be the first one to reflect on in this new forum. So, I thought it best to start with a modern day adventure story about a company that has changed the world, told by one of the founders of the company. Check out The Akamai Story: From Theory to Practice by Tom Leighton. Akamais founders entered the MIT $50k competition (and lost) and today the company delivers tens of billions of daily web interactions on the web, (including MIT Worlds videos and MIT OpenCourseWares courses) on 20,000 servers in 71 countries. Leighton, who is co-founder and Chief Scientist at Akamai and a Professor of Applied Mathematics at MIT, tells it all the $50k competition, the business plans, the start up, the bubble, the personal tragedy of September 11th and the loss of co-founder Danny Lewin, the bubble bursting, and recovery. Akamai means clever and cool in Hawaiian â€" another thing they got right.

Introduction To MIT World

Introduction To MIT World My first blog entry! Let me begin by introducing you to MIT World, a free and open on-demand video streaming web site that features public lectures at MIT. MIT World has been in operation since 2001 and today has a collection of almost 400 videos in its online collection (you can also find it on the MIT home page under Education â€" click on video). This primary source of unmediated content reflects a wide range of ideas that are discussed every day at MIT. Inside you will find more than 20 Nobel Laureates, leaders of many companies who have changed our world, who tell their first hand accounts of start up days (Amazon, Akamai), or amazing histories of longer established companies that have led innovation (UPS, Xerox, HP), as well as a vast assortment of engineers, technologists, innovators, poets, peacemakers, and scientists and even a physicist who is a poet â€" Frank Wilczek. With a collection of almost 400 videos, its a little daunting to pick one to be the first one to reflect on in this new forum. So, I thought it best to start with a modern day adventure story about a company that has changed the world, told by one of the founders of the company. Check out The Akamai Story: From Theory to Practice by Tom Leighton. Akamais founders entered the MIT $50k competition (and lost) and today the company delivers tens of billions of daily web interactions on the web, (including MIT Worlds videos and MIT OpenCourseWares courses) on 20,000 servers in 71 countries. Leighton, who is co-founder and Chief Scientist at Akamai and a Professor of Applied Mathematics at MIT, tells it all the $50k competition, the business plans, the start up, the bubble, the personal tragedy of September 11th and the loss of co-founder Danny Lewin, the bubble bursting, and recovery. Akamai means clever and cool in Hawaiian â€" another thing they got right.

Does childhood neglect and abuse have an effect on an individual later in life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2335 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Neglect and abuse are difficult concepts to define because they are not homogeneous terms and can include diverse experiences ranging from extreme deprivation to less extreme forms of abuse/neglect which may be short- or long-term (Skuse, 1989). The UK Governments inter-agency document Working Together to Safeguard Children defines neglect as a persistent failure to meet a childs basic physical and or psychological needs (Department for Education, DfE, 2015, p.93). Neglect is defined as a parent/carer not providing a child with adequate food, clothing, shelter or adequate supervision, not protecting them from physical or emotional harm or providing them with medical care when necessary (DfE, 2015).   Abuse can be both physical and emotional. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does childhood neglect and abuse have an effect on an individual later in life?" essay for you Create order Physical abuse involves such actions as the child being burnt, scalded, poisoned or suffocated, other aspects of abuse include child sexual exploitation, female genital mutilation and radicalisation (DfE, 2015). Emotional abuse can occur independently, and is defined as including the persistent ridicule of the child by others and/or being told they are worthless, unwanted and unloved. Children may also suffer emotional abuse from bullying and cyber bulling (DfE, 2015). The aim of the following essay is to evaluate the effects of childhood neglect and abuse on the developing child, and whether there are long-term effects. Case Studies of Deprivation Many of the early studies that investigated the effects of neglect and abuse were undertaken with one or two children as case studies. For example, Curtiss (1989) documented the case of Genie who experience extreme neglect and physical and emotional abuse until she was 131/2. Genie was kept in isolation and had very limited exposure to language and was beaten if she made any sounds. Curtiss (1989) reports that Genie was never able to fully develop her language or social skills. However, Genies history in terms of her cognitive ability was not known, and it is possible she suffered from a learning disability and may never have developed language regardless of the deprivation she endured. A study reported by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) looked at twins who spent 5 years until the age of 7 locked in a cellar, enduring severe neglect and abuse. When they were found they appeared to be severely cognitively deficient, although it quickly became apparent that this was a result of deprivatio n. However, it is suggested by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) that because they formed an attachment with each other and had also experienced 18 months of relatively adequate care in a childrens home before the abuse began they were protected against permanent damage. There was no evidence of long-term cognitive damage after their removal and their language developed normally. Because both examples are case studies, they are difficult to generalise to other abused or neglected children because the circumstances of Genie and the twins are so unique. The details of their childhood abuse and neglect were retrospective and may result in slight inaccuracies or omissions. However, it would of course be unethical to undertake studies of children experiencing such severe neglect and abuse until after the event has occurred and the children removed from the situation. Bowlby (1977) argued that early experience from birth and forming an attachment, predominately with the mother, was a powerful fa ctor in determining typical development of a child. Attachment involves the formation of strong affection bonds to others during a critical period of development (up until about the age of three), and enables the child to deal with stressors and emotional distress. This would appear to be supported by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976), as the twins formed an attachment with each other whereas Genie, who did not develop age appropriate skills had no-one with whom she could form an attachment (Curtiss, 1989). However, Werner (2000) found in her longitudinal study of children who were born and raised in adverse circumstances that there were a number of protective factors that helped the child develop resilience. One positive factor was the formation of an attachment with a caring supportive other (such as a grandparent or teacher). Werner, in part, supports Bowlbys assertion of the importance of attachment, although the bond does not necessarily have to be the mother, it can be any other suitabl e person, which is also suggested by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) in her study of the twins. Studies of Groups of Children A group who suffered extreme neglect and abuse were children incarcerated in concentration camps during the 2nd World War. Child survivors were interviewed 40 years after the camp was liberated with the focus on how they had adjusted to life after the war (Krell, 1985). Only one survivor from a total of 24 survivors was a patient at a psychiatric hospital. However, 40 years after the war, the child survivors were characterised by a desperate need to be perceived as normal, to belong and to cope, so they were not perceived as being different (Krell, 1985, p.379). The age of the child survivor was also important as adult survivors had memories of pre-war life, whereas many of the children had very few. The child survivors as a group were also characterised by their affirmation of life and their active compassion for others (Krell, 1985, p.379). Robinson and Hemmendinger (1982, cited in Krell, 1985 p.379) report on 14 children liberated from Buchenwald camp. Communication with the children was difficult immediately after their liberation as they were hostile and were completely apathetic and indifferent to everything around them, and were described as psychotic or psychopathic (Krell, 1985, p.379). 30 years later the child survivors reported psychological problems such as depression, insomnia and nightmares about their past. Both groups of child survivors emphasise the importance of their families. A further characteristic of the child survivors of the holocaust is that although the trauma the children experienced continued to have a pervasive negative influence in their lives, it existed simultaneously with a strong desire to survive, which Valent (1998) terms resilience in the face of enormous adversity. Another factor which helped the children survive, particularly very young children, was the development of an attachment with another person. The child survivors were able to adapt very quickly and suppress their emotions and after the camps were liberated the children also suppressed their memories and focused on their future lives (Valent, 1998). Beckett et al. (2006) investigated the long-term effects of 131 Romanian adoptees compared to UK adoptees who were not institutionalised. The Romanian children ranged in age between less than 6 months to 42 months, and had experienced severe neglect in the institutions. The main findings were that deprivation had implications for the physical and psychological development of the Romanian children. Adverse effects remained present at age 11-years for those children who were over 6 months old when adopted although the outcomes for the children were diverse. The children were tested on a range of cognitive abilities at age 6- and 11-years. The children who had not experienced institutionalise care had higher scores than those children from institutions, even after a number of years in a nurturing environment with their adoptive parents. The authors conclude that severe deprivation at a y oung age of 6 months can persist for a number of years, up to age 11. The children who showed cognitive impairment at age 6 showed substantial impairment at 11, which indicates that cognitive impairment is persistent (Beckett et al. 2006). This is supported by neuroimaging techniques which show distinct changes in the brain of children who were institutionalised at an early age. It is suggested by Beckett et al. (2006) that the results of their study are viewed with caution, as it is unique, and, fortunately, there are not many cases where large numbers of very young children experience severe neglect to make comparisons. KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡ et al. (2012) also studied adopted children who had experienced severe maltreatment and found that many of the children had a range of psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as disorganised patterns of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness, which is often found in maltreated children (KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡ et al. 2012; KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976). Kumsta et al. (2010) state that whilst there is a well-defined pattern of four specific symptoms displayed by institutionalised children there is not similar patterns shown by children who have experienced other types of neglect or abuse (e.g. sexual abuse). Therefore, it is not possible to predict what type of psychopathy will occur for other types of abuse or neglect (Kumsta, et al. 2010). Thompson and Tabone (2010) investigated the effects of early childhood neglect when the child was younger than 4-years old. The study involved 242 children, 154 had a history of maltreatment (mainly neglect) and 88 children did not. The children were assessed at age 10-years on a range of behavioural measures including anxiety, depression, aggression and attention. It was shown that over time, the children who had experienced abuse showed a greater incidence of depression and anxiety as well as attention seeking behaviour although these behaviours were no t evident when the child was younger. The finding suggests that young children experiencing abuse or neglect should be assessed throughout childhood for long-term effects (Thompson and Tabone, 2010). Risk Factors for Negative Outcomes According to Appleyard, Egeland, van Dulmen, and Sroufe (2005) there is a relationship between a high number of risk factors and the later adverse effects on the child, which can manifest, for example, as disruptive behaviour in adolescence. It is argued that there are five cumulative risk factors involved, which include; child abuse, high levels of parental stress, domestic violence between parents (that may involve children), dysfunctional family life and low socioeconomic status, and these factors present the greatest risk in early and middle childhood (Appleyard, et al. 2005). The factors are supported by Boyd and Bee, (2012) who suggest that there is a strong relationship between poverty, neglect and abuse as the children typically live in situations that are chaotic causing the child considerable stress, particularly if they have limited social or psychological support. In a longitudinal study, Peruzzi (2013) found that children from deprived backgrounds in the UK were rarely able to break the cycle of poverty and frequently displayed deviant behaviour as adolescents, had poor educational attainment and were socially excluded as adults. Another longitudinal study which investigated risk factors for abuse and neglect as well as coping strategies involved 9-12 year-old boys in the Isle of Wight and also a group of children in London whose parents had mental health disorders (Rutter, Tizard, and Whitmore, 1970). It was found that if a child was exposed to at least four risk factors this could contribute to later maladjustment. The risk factors included; discord in the marriage, a low socioeconomic status, a large family, criminal activity by the father, the mental health of the mother and whether the child was placed in foster care (Rutter et al. 1979). Conclusion The evidence presented indicates that early childhood abuse and neglect, which is also referred to as deprivation, typically has a long-term detrimental effect on the cognitive, emotional and behavioural development of children. Thompson and Tabone (2010) suggest that the effects of deprivation may not be immediately apparent, and therefore assessments of abused and neglected children should be undertaken through childhood and adolescence. There were adverse effects reported by the child survivors of the holocaust, although they survived by suppressing their memories and emotions and focusing on their futures (Krell, 1985; Valent, 1998). There are difficulties with the methodology used in investigating the effects of childhood neglect and abuse. Firstly, some studies are case studies of one or two children which means the findings are difficult to generalise. Secondly, the information obtained is retrospective as it would be ethically unacceptable to study children in a situation w here they were being neglected or abused. This means that information may be unintentionally distorted or over-exaggerated. A third issue is the wide diversity of situations in which abuse or neglect occurs and the individual differences of the children involved (Skuse, 1989). For some children there are many risk factors, such as poverty, which can exacerbate the effects of the neglect or abuse (Appleyard, et al. 2005; Boyd and Bee, 2012; Peruzzi 2013), or other factors such as a positive attachment figure who can mediate the effects of deprivation (Bowlby, 1977; Werner 2000). References Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. and Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behaviour outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 235-245. Beckett, C., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Stevens, S., OConnor, T.G. and Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2006). Do the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence? Findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. Child Development, 77(3), 696-711. Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. 1. Aetiology and psychopathology in light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢210. Boyd. D. and Bee, H. (2012). Lifespan Development, (6th edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education Curtiss (1977). Genie: A Linguistic Study of a Modern Day Wild Child. New York Academic Press. Department for Education (2015). Working Together to Safeguard Children. London: Crown Publications KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡, E., Puckering, C., Follan, M., Smillie, M. and Gorski, C., Barnes, J., Wilson, P. Young, D., Lidstone, E., Pritchett, R., Hockaday, H. and Minnis, H.   (2012). Neurodevelopmental problems in maltreated children referred with indiscriminate friendliness. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1560-1565 Krell, R. (1985). Child survivors of the Holocaust: 40 years later. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(4), 378-380. KoluchovÃÆ' ¡, J. (1976). The further development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation: a second report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 181-188. Kumsta, R., Kreppner, J., Rutter, M., Beckett, C. Castle, J., Stevens, S. and Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2010). Deprivation-specific psychological patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 75(1), 48-78. Peruzzi, A. (2013). From Childhood Deprivation to Adult Social Exclusion. Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study. Institute of Education University of London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies Rutter, M., Tizard, J. and Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. Ithaca, NY: Longman Skuse, D. (1989). Emotional abuse and neglect. BMJ, 298, 1692-1694 Thompson, R. and Tabone, J.K. (2010). The impact of early alleged maltreatment on behavioral trajectories. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 907-916 Valent, P. (1998). Resilience in child survivors of the Holocaust: Towards the concept of Resilience. The Psychoanalytic Review, 85(4), 535 Werner, E.E., (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience In Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, 2nd edition, Chapter 6, pp.115-132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors

Christopher Columbus discovered previously unknown lands in 1492, and within 20 years the conquest of these new lands was proceeding quickly. How were the Spanish conquistadors able to do it? The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. The Swift Success of the Conquistadors The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. Native communities were attacked and enslaved and any treasures they may have had such as gold, silver or pearls were taken. Teams of Spanish conquistadors devastated native communities on Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola between 1494 and 1515 or so before moving on to the mainland. The most famous conquests were those of the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires, in Central America and the Andes mountains of South America respectively. The conquistadors who took these mighty Empires down (Hernan Cortes in Mexico in 1525 and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, 1532) commanded relatively small forces: Cortes had around 600 men and Pizarro initially had about 160. These small forces were able to defeat much larger ones. At the Battle of Teocajas, Sebastian de Benalcazar had 200 Spanish and some 3,000 Caà ±ari allies: together they fought Inca General Rumià ±ahui and a force of some 50,000 warriors to a draw. Conquistador Weapons There were two sorts of Spanish conquistadors: horsemen or cavalry and foot soldiers or infantry. The cavalry would usually carry the day in the battles of the conquest. When the spoils were divided, cavalrymen received a much higher share of the treasure than foot soldiers. Some Spanish soldiers would save up and purchase a horse as a sort of investment which would pay off in future conquests. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. Their lances were long wooden spears with iron or steel points on the ends, used to devastating effect on masses of native foot soldiers. In close combat, a rider would use his sword. Steel Spanish swords of the conquest were about three feet long and relatively narrow, sharp on both sides. The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. The finely made weapons did not pass inspection until they could bend in a half-circle and survive a full-force impact with a metal helmet. The fine Spanish steel sword was such an advantage that for some time after the conquest, it was illegal for natives to have one. Foot Soldiers Weapons Spanish foot soldiers could use a variety of weapons. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World natives, but thats not the case. Some Spanish soldiers used a harquebus, a sort of early musket. The harquebus was undeniably effective against any one opponent, but they are slow to load, heavy, and firing one is a complicated process involving the use of a wick which must be kept lit. The harquebuses were most effective for terrorizing native soldiers, who thought the Spanish could create thunder. Like the harquebus, the crossbow was a European weapon designed to defeat armored knights and too bulky and cumbersome to be of much use in the conquest against the lightly armored, quick natives. Some soldiers used crossbows, but theyre very slow to load, break or malfunction easily and their use was not terribly common, at least not after the initial phases of the conquest. Like the cavalry, Spanish foot soldiers made good use of swords. A heavily armored Spanish foot soldier could cut down dozens of native enemies in minutes with a fine Toledan blade. Conquistador Armor Spanish armor, mostly made in Toledo, was among the finest in the world. Encased from head to foot in a steel shell, Spanish conquistadors were all but invulnerable when facing native opponents. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. The natives had no such weapons and therefore killed very few armored Spanish in battle. The helmet most commonly associated with the conquistadors was the morion, a heavy steel helm with a pronounced crest or comb on top and sweeping sides that came  to  points on either end. Some infantrymen preferred a salade, a full-faced helmet that looks a little like a steel ski mask. In its most basic form, it is a bullet-shaped helm with a large T in front of the eyes, nose, and mouth. A cabasset helmet was much simpler: it is a large steel cap that covers the head from the ears up: stylish ones would have an elongated dome like the pointy end of an almond. Most conquistadors wore a full set of armor which consisted of a heavy breastplate, arm and leg greaves, a metal skirt, and protection for the neck and throat called a gorget. Even parts of the body such as elbows and shoulders, which require movement, were protected by a series of overlapping plates, meaning that there were very few vulnerable spots on a fully armored conquistador. A full suit of metal armor weighed about sixty pounds and the weight was well distributed over the body, allowing it to be worn for long periods of time without causing much fatigue. It generally included even armored boots and gloves or gauntlets. Later in the conquest, as conquistadors realized that full suits of armor were overkill in the New World, some of them switched to lighter chainmail, which was just as effective. Some even abandoned metal armor entirely, wearing escuapil, a sort of padded leather or cloth armor adapted from the armor worn by Aztec warriors. Large, heavy shields were not  necessary for the conquest, although many conquistadors used a buckler, a small, round or oval shield usually of wood or metal covered with leather. Native Weapons The natives had no answer for these weapons and armor. At the time of the conquest, most native cultures in North and South America were somewhere between the Stone Age and the  Bronze Age  in terms of their weaponry. Most foot soldiers carried heavy clubs or maces, some with stone or bronze heads. Some had rudimentary stone axes or clubs with spikes coming out of the end. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Aztec warriors occasionally had a  macuahuitl, a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. The natives had some better luck with missile weapons. In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. Aztec warriors used the  atlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. Native cultures wore elaborate, beautiful armor. The Aztecs had warrior societies, the most notable of which were the feared Eagle and Jaguar warriors. These men would dress in Jaguar skins or eagle feathers and were very brave warriors. The Incas wore quilted or padded armor and used shields and helmets made of wood or bronze. Native armor was generally intended to intimidate as much as protect: it was often very colorful and beautiful. Nevertheless, eagle feathers provide no protection from a steel sword and native armor was of very little use in combat with conquistadors. Analysis The conquest of the Americas proves decisively the advantage of advanced armor and weaponry in any conflict. The Aztecs and Incas numbered in the millions, yet were defeated by Spanish forces numbering in the hundreds. A heavily  armored conquistador  could slay dozens of foes in a single engagement without receiving a serious wound. Horses were another advantage that the natives could not counter. It’s inaccurate to say that the success of the Spanish conquest was solely due to superior arms and armor, however. The Spanish were greatly aided by diseases previously unknown to that part of the world. Millions died of new illnesses brought by the Spanish such as smallpox. There was also a great deal of luck involved. For example, they invaded the  Inca Empire at a time of great crisis, as a brutal civil war between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa was just ending when the Spanish arrived in 1532; and the Aztecs were widely despised by their subjects. Sources Calvert, Albert Frederick. Spanish arms and armour: being a historical and descriptive account of the Royal armoury of Madrid. London: J. Lane, 1907Hemming, John.  The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Pohl, John. The Conquistador: 1492–1550. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008.

3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs Free Essays

3 SKILLS EVERY 21st-CENTURY MANAGER NEEDS SYNOPSIS Vatsala Mishra 2012183 Section C The past decade has seen a sudden and drastic change in the way work is done. Corporate culture has now embraced the dynamics of modern management thinking and is rapidly aligning itself with the evolving organizational environment. The HBR article ‘3 Skills Every 21st Century Manager Needs’ is a commentary on the evolving corporate structures that are more collaborative and less hierarchical. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 3 skill-sets that are mentioned are: 1. Code Switching Between Cultures: A critical practical challenge that organizations face in the increasingly interdependent global economy is the ability to function effectively across national cultural boundaries. Instead of operating exclusively within the cultural setting in which they were born and raised, individuals must now be capable of functioning appropriately in a wide variety of foreign cultural situations, many of which have different cultural norms for appropriate behaviour that may conflict with their core values and beliefs. In response to this challenge, a growing number of management scholars have examined the antecedents and consequences of successful long-term adaptation to a foreign culture. â€Å"To work well with foreign colleagues, you may have to risk feeling inauthentic and incompetent. † –Andrew L. Molinsky. 2. Wielding Digital Influence: Being culturally fluent means being able to enter a new context, master the norms, and feel comfortable doing so. Most managers understand how to use online tools, such as LinkedIn and Facebook, to build their networks. But few use these networks to gather information and wield influence. Here are three things you can do with a strong digital network: Test ideas: Test proposals and strategies both inside and outside your organization. Float an idea to see how many â€Å"likes† it gets or to direct people to a survey. Broker connections: Increase your influence by positioning yourself as a bridge between unconnected groups. Identify potential collaborations and make introductions. Get feedback: Good networkers rely on their contacts to give feedback on challenges. Post a message about your struggle and solicit input. As companies become less hierarchical, the effective use of online networks will be crucial to success. † –Thomas H. Davenport and Bala Iyer. 3. Dividing Attention Deliberately: How do our brains function naturally? Close your eyes for 5 minutes and notice how your thoughts zigzag, stray, jump and double back. To ‘unnaturally’ force our brain into giving any piece of work it’s undivided attention does not really promote productivity. In the example of the IBM employees, the collective distraction of all seven of them did not lower their productivity any bit. Therefore, training ourselves to give any task our undivided attention is unnatural and unnecessary. Recent surveys have shown that while ordinarily people assume that access to the internet decreases their level of productivity, it is actually quite the contrary. The productivity levels go up by over 9% and hence blaming technology for diverting our attention span is both misleading and unproductive. â€Å"Instead of battling distraction, embrace your brain’s proclivity for it. † –Cathy Davidson. How to cite 3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs, Essay examples