Does childhood neglect and abuse have an effect on an individual later in life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2335 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Neglect and abuse are difficult concepts to define because they are not homogeneous terms and can include diverse experiences ranging from extreme deprivation to less extreme forms of abuse/neglect which may be short- or long-term (Skuse, 1989). The UK Governments inter-agency document Working Together to Safeguard Children defines neglect as a persistent failure to meet a childs basic physical and or psychological needs (Department for Education, DfE, 2015, p.93). Neglect is defined as a parent/carer not providing a child with adequate food, clothing, shelter or adequate supervision, not protecting them from physical or emotional harm or providing them with medical care when necessary (DfE, 2015).   Abuse can be both physical and emotional. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does childhood neglect and abuse have an effect on an individual later in life?" essay for you Create order Physical abuse involves such actions as the child being burnt, scalded, poisoned or suffocated, other aspects of abuse include child sexual exploitation, female genital mutilation and radicalisation (DfE, 2015). Emotional abuse can occur independently, and is defined as including the persistent ridicule of the child by others and/or being told they are worthless, unwanted and unloved. Children may also suffer emotional abuse from bullying and cyber bulling (DfE, 2015). The aim of the following essay is to evaluate the effects of childhood neglect and abuse on the developing child, and whether there are long-term effects. Case Studies of Deprivation Many of the early studies that investigated the effects of neglect and abuse were undertaken with one or two children as case studies. For example, Curtiss (1989) documented the case of Genie who experience extreme neglect and physical and emotional abuse until she was 131/2. Genie was kept in isolation and had very limited exposure to language and was beaten if she made any sounds. Curtiss (1989) reports that Genie was never able to fully develop her language or social skills. However, Genies history in terms of her cognitive ability was not known, and it is possible she suffered from a learning disability and may never have developed language regardless of the deprivation she endured. A study reported by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) looked at twins who spent 5 years until the age of 7 locked in a cellar, enduring severe neglect and abuse. When they were found they appeared to be severely cognitively deficient, although it quickly became apparent that this was a result of deprivatio n. However, it is suggested by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) that because they formed an attachment with each other and had also experienced 18 months of relatively adequate care in a childrens home before the abuse began they were protected against permanent damage. There was no evidence of long-term cognitive damage after their removal and their language developed normally. Because both examples are case studies, they are difficult to generalise to other abused or neglected children because the circumstances of Genie and the twins are so unique. The details of their childhood abuse and neglect were retrospective and may result in slight inaccuracies or omissions. However, it would of course be unethical to undertake studies of children experiencing such severe neglect and abuse until after the event has occurred and the children removed from the situation. Bowlby (1977) argued that early experience from birth and forming an attachment, predominately with the mother, was a powerful fa ctor in determining typical development of a child. Attachment involves the formation of strong affection bonds to others during a critical period of development (up until about the age of three), and enables the child to deal with stressors and emotional distress. This would appear to be supported by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976), as the twins formed an attachment with each other whereas Genie, who did not develop age appropriate skills had no-one with whom she could form an attachment (Curtiss, 1989). However, Werner (2000) found in her longitudinal study of children who were born and raised in adverse circumstances that there were a number of protective factors that helped the child develop resilience. One positive factor was the formation of an attachment with a caring supportive other (such as a grandparent or teacher). Werner, in part, supports Bowlbys assertion of the importance of attachment, although the bond does not necessarily have to be the mother, it can be any other suitabl e person, which is also suggested by KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976) in her study of the twins. Studies of Groups of Children A group who suffered extreme neglect and abuse were children incarcerated in concentration camps during the 2nd World War. Child survivors were interviewed 40 years after the camp was liberated with the focus on how they had adjusted to life after the war (Krell, 1985). Only one survivor from a total of 24 survivors was a patient at a psychiatric hospital. However, 40 years after the war, the child survivors were characterised by a desperate need to be perceived as normal, to belong and to cope, so they were not perceived as being different (Krell, 1985, p.379). The age of the child survivor was also important as adult survivors had memories of pre-war life, whereas many of the children had very few. The child survivors as a group were also characterised by their affirmation of life and their active compassion for others (Krell, 1985, p.379). Robinson and Hemmendinger (1982, cited in Krell, 1985 p.379) report on 14 children liberated from Buchenwald camp. Communication with the children was difficult immediately after their liberation as they were hostile and were completely apathetic and indifferent to everything around them, and were described as psychotic or psychopathic (Krell, 1985, p.379). 30 years later the child survivors reported psychological problems such as depression, insomnia and nightmares about their past. Both groups of child survivors emphasise the importance of their families. A further characteristic of the child survivors of the holocaust is that although the trauma the children experienced continued to have a pervasive negative influence in their lives, it existed simultaneously with a strong desire to survive, which Valent (1998) terms resilience in the face of enormous adversity. Another factor which helped the children survive, particularly very young children, was the development of an attachment with another person. The child survivors were able to adapt very quickly and suppress their emotions and after the camps were liberated the children also suppressed their memories and focused on their future lives (Valent, 1998). Beckett et al. (2006) investigated the long-term effects of 131 Romanian adoptees compared to UK adoptees who were not institutionalised. The Romanian children ranged in age between less than 6 months to 42 months, and had experienced severe neglect in the institutions. The main findings were that deprivation had implications for the physical and psychological development of the Romanian children. Adverse effects remained present at age 11-years for those children who were over 6 months old when adopted although the outcomes for the children were diverse. The children were tested on a range of cognitive abilities at age 6- and 11-years. The children who had not experienced institutionalise care had higher scores than those children from institutions, even after a number of years in a nurturing environment with their adoptive parents. The authors conclude that severe deprivation at a y oung age of 6 months can persist for a number of years, up to age 11. The children who showed cognitive impairment at age 6 showed substantial impairment at 11, which indicates that cognitive impairment is persistent (Beckett et al. 2006). This is supported by neuroimaging techniques which show distinct changes in the brain of children who were institutionalised at an early age. It is suggested by Beckett et al. (2006) that the results of their study are viewed with caution, as it is unique, and, fortunately, there are not many cases where large numbers of very young children experience severe neglect to make comparisons. KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡ et al. (2012) also studied adopted children who had experienced severe maltreatment and found that many of the children had a range of psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as disorganised patterns of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness, which is often found in maltreated children (KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡ et al. 2012; KoluchovÃÆ' ¡ (1976). Kumsta et al. (2010) state that whilst there is a well-defined pattern of four specific symptoms displayed by institutionalised children there is not similar patterns shown by children who have experienced other types of neglect or abuse (e.g. sexual abuse). Therefore, it is not possible to predict what type of psychopathy will occur for other types of abuse or neglect (Kumsta, et al. 2010). Thompson and Tabone (2010) investigated the effects of early childhood neglect when the child was younger than 4-years old. The study involved 242 children, 154 had a history of maltreatment (mainly neglect) and 88 children did not. The children were assessed at age 10-years on a range of behavioural measures including anxiety, depression, aggression and attention. It was shown that over time, the children who had experienced abuse showed a greater incidence of depression and anxiety as well as attention seeking behaviour although these behaviours were no t evident when the child was younger. The finding suggests that young children experiencing abuse or neglect should be assessed throughout childhood for long-term effects (Thompson and Tabone, 2010). Risk Factors for Negative Outcomes According to Appleyard, Egeland, van Dulmen, and Sroufe (2005) there is a relationship between a high number of risk factors and the later adverse effects on the child, which can manifest, for example, as disruptive behaviour in adolescence. It is argued that there are five cumulative risk factors involved, which include; child abuse, high levels of parental stress, domestic violence between parents (that may involve children), dysfunctional family life and low socioeconomic status, and these factors present the greatest risk in early and middle childhood (Appleyard, et al. 2005). The factors are supported by Boyd and Bee, (2012) who suggest that there is a strong relationship between poverty, neglect and abuse as the children typically live in situations that are chaotic causing the child considerable stress, particularly if they have limited social or psychological support. In a longitudinal study, Peruzzi (2013) found that children from deprived backgrounds in the UK were rarely able to break the cycle of poverty and frequently displayed deviant behaviour as adolescents, had poor educational attainment and were socially excluded as adults. Another longitudinal study which investigated risk factors for abuse and neglect as well as coping strategies involved 9-12 year-old boys in the Isle of Wight and also a group of children in London whose parents had mental health disorders (Rutter, Tizard, and Whitmore, 1970). It was found that if a child was exposed to at least four risk factors this could contribute to later maladjustment. The risk factors included; discord in the marriage, a low socioeconomic status, a large family, criminal activity by the father, the mental health of the mother and whether the child was placed in foster care (Rutter et al. 1979). Conclusion The evidence presented indicates that early childhood abuse and neglect, which is also referred to as deprivation, typically has a long-term detrimental effect on the cognitive, emotional and behavioural development of children. Thompson and Tabone (2010) suggest that the effects of deprivation may not be immediately apparent, and therefore assessments of abused and neglected children should be undertaken through childhood and adolescence. There were adverse effects reported by the child survivors of the holocaust, although they survived by suppressing their memories and emotions and focusing on their futures (Krell, 1985; Valent, 1998). There are difficulties with the methodology used in investigating the effects of childhood neglect and abuse. Firstly, some studies are case studies of one or two children which means the findings are difficult to generalise. Secondly, the information obtained is retrospective as it would be ethically unacceptable to study children in a situation w here they were being neglected or abused. This means that information may be unintentionally distorted or over-exaggerated. A third issue is the wide diversity of situations in which abuse or neglect occurs and the individual differences of the children involved (Skuse, 1989). For some children there are many risk factors, such as poverty, which can exacerbate the effects of the neglect or abuse (Appleyard, et al. 2005; Boyd and Bee, 2012; Peruzzi 2013), or other factors such as a positive attachment figure who can mediate the effects of deprivation (Bowlby, 1977; Werner 2000). References Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. and Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behaviour outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 235-245. Beckett, C., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Stevens, S., OConnor, T.G. and Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2006). Do the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence? Findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. Child Development, 77(3), 696-711. Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. 1. Aetiology and psychopathology in light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢210. Boyd. D. and Bee, H. (2012). Lifespan Development, (6th edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education Curtiss (1977). Genie: A Linguistic Study of a Modern Day Wild Child. New York Academic Press. Department for Education (2015). Working Together to Safeguard Children. London: Crown Publications KoÄ?ovskÃÆ' ¡, E., Puckering, C., Follan, M., Smillie, M. and Gorski, C., Barnes, J., Wilson, P. Young, D., Lidstone, E., Pritchett, R., Hockaday, H. and Minnis, H.   (2012). Neurodevelopmental problems in maltreated children referred with indiscriminate friendliness. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1560-1565 Krell, R. (1985). Child survivors of the Holocaust: 40 years later. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(4), 378-380. KoluchovÃÆ' ¡, J. (1976). The further development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation: a second report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 181-188. Kumsta, R., Kreppner, J., Rutter, M., Beckett, C. Castle, J., Stevens, S. and Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2010). Deprivation-specific psychological patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 75(1), 48-78. Peruzzi, A. (2013). From Childhood Deprivation to Adult Social Exclusion. Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study. Institute of Education University of London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies Rutter, M., Tizard, J. and Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. Ithaca, NY: Longman Skuse, D. (1989). Emotional abuse and neglect. BMJ, 298, 1692-1694 Thompson, R. and Tabone, J.K. (2010). The impact of early alleged maltreatment on behavioral trajectories. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 907-916 Valent, P. (1998). Resilience in child survivors of the Holocaust: Towards the concept of Resilience. The Psychoanalytic Review, 85(4), 535 Werner, E.E., (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience In Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, 2nd edition, Chapter 6, pp.115-132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors

Christopher Columbus discovered previously unknown lands in 1492, and within 20 years the conquest of these new lands was proceeding quickly. How were the Spanish conquistadors able to do it? The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. The Swift Success of the Conquistadors The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. Native communities were attacked and enslaved and any treasures they may have had such as gold, silver or pearls were taken. Teams of Spanish conquistadors devastated native communities on Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola between 1494 and 1515 or so before moving on to the mainland. The most famous conquests were those of the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires, in Central America and the Andes mountains of South America respectively. The conquistadors who took these mighty Empires down (Hernan Cortes in Mexico in 1525 and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, 1532) commanded relatively small forces: Cortes had around 600 men and Pizarro initially had about 160. These small forces were able to defeat much larger ones. At the Battle of Teocajas, Sebastian de Benalcazar had 200 Spanish and some 3,000 Caà ±ari allies: together they fought Inca General Rumià ±ahui and a force of some 50,000 warriors to a draw. Conquistador Weapons There were two sorts of Spanish conquistadors: horsemen or cavalry and foot soldiers or infantry. The cavalry would usually carry the day in the battles of the conquest. When the spoils were divided, cavalrymen received a much higher share of the treasure than foot soldiers. Some Spanish soldiers would save up and purchase a horse as a sort of investment which would pay off in future conquests. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. Their lances were long wooden spears with iron or steel points on the ends, used to devastating effect on masses of native foot soldiers. In close combat, a rider would use his sword. Steel Spanish swords of the conquest were about three feet long and relatively narrow, sharp on both sides. The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. The finely made weapons did not pass inspection until they could bend in a half-circle and survive a full-force impact with a metal helmet. The fine Spanish steel sword was such an advantage that for some time after the conquest, it was illegal for natives to have one. Foot Soldiers Weapons Spanish foot soldiers could use a variety of weapons. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World natives, but thats not the case. Some Spanish soldiers used a harquebus, a sort of early musket. The harquebus was undeniably effective against any one opponent, but they are slow to load, heavy, and firing one is a complicated process involving the use of a wick which must be kept lit. The harquebuses were most effective for terrorizing native soldiers, who thought the Spanish could create thunder. Like the harquebus, the crossbow was a European weapon designed to defeat armored knights and too bulky and cumbersome to be of much use in the conquest against the lightly armored, quick natives. Some soldiers used crossbows, but theyre very slow to load, break or malfunction easily and their use was not terribly common, at least not after the initial phases of the conquest. Like the cavalry, Spanish foot soldiers made good use of swords. A heavily armored Spanish foot soldier could cut down dozens of native enemies in minutes with a fine Toledan blade. Conquistador Armor Spanish armor, mostly made in Toledo, was among the finest in the world. Encased from head to foot in a steel shell, Spanish conquistadors were all but invulnerable when facing native opponents. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. The natives had no such weapons and therefore killed very few armored Spanish in battle. The helmet most commonly associated with the conquistadors was the morion, a heavy steel helm with a pronounced crest or comb on top and sweeping sides that came  to  points on either end. Some infantrymen preferred a salade, a full-faced helmet that looks a little like a steel ski mask. In its most basic form, it is a bullet-shaped helm with a large T in front of the eyes, nose, and mouth. A cabasset helmet was much simpler: it is a large steel cap that covers the head from the ears up: stylish ones would have an elongated dome like the pointy end of an almond. Most conquistadors wore a full set of armor which consisted of a heavy breastplate, arm and leg greaves, a metal skirt, and protection for the neck and throat called a gorget. Even parts of the body such as elbows and shoulders, which require movement, were protected by a series of overlapping plates, meaning that there were very few vulnerable spots on a fully armored conquistador. A full suit of metal armor weighed about sixty pounds and the weight was well distributed over the body, allowing it to be worn for long periods of time without causing much fatigue. It generally included even armored boots and gloves or gauntlets. Later in the conquest, as conquistadors realized that full suits of armor were overkill in the New World, some of them switched to lighter chainmail, which was just as effective. Some even abandoned metal armor entirely, wearing escuapil, a sort of padded leather or cloth armor adapted from the armor worn by Aztec warriors. Large, heavy shields were not  necessary for the conquest, although many conquistadors used a buckler, a small, round or oval shield usually of wood or metal covered with leather. Native Weapons The natives had no answer for these weapons and armor. At the time of the conquest, most native cultures in North and South America were somewhere between the Stone Age and the  Bronze Age  in terms of their weaponry. Most foot soldiers carried heavy clubs or maces, some with stone or bronze heads. Some had rudimentary stone axes or clubs with spikes coming out of the end. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Aztec warriors occasionally had a  macuahuitl, a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. The natives had some better luck with missile weapons. In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. Aztec warriors used the  atlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. Native cultures wore elaborate, beautiful armor. The Aztecs had warrior societies, the most notable of which were the feared Eagle and Jaguar warriors. These men would dress in Jaguar skins or eagle feathers and were very brave warriors. The Incas wore quilted or padded armor and used shields and helmets made of wood or bronze. Native armor was generally intended to intimidate as much as protect: it was often very colorful and beautiful. Nevertheless, eagle feathers provide no protection from a steel sword and native armor was of very little use in combat with conquistadors. Analysis The conquest of the Americas proves decisively the advantage of advanced armor and weaponry in any conflict. The Aztecs and Incas numbered in the millions, yet were defeated by Spanish forces numbering in the hundreds. A heavily  armored conquistador  could slay dozens of foes in a single engagement without receiving a serious wound. Horses were another advantage that the natives could not counter. It’s inaccurate to say that the success of the Spanish conquest was solely due to superior arms and armor, however. The Spanish were greatly aided by diseases previously unknown to that part of the world. Millions died of new illnesses brought by the Spanish such as smallpox. There was also a great deal of luck involved. For example, they invaded the  Inca Empire at a time of great crisis, as a brutal civil war between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa was just ending when the Spanish arrived in 1532; and the Aztecs were widely despised by their subjects. Sources Calvert, Albert Frederick. Spanish arms and armour: being a historical and descriptive account of the Royal armoury of Madrid. London: J. Lane, 1907Hemming, John.  The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Pohl, John. The Conquistador: 1492–1550. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008.

3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs Free Essays

3 SKILLS EVERY 21st-CENTURY MANAGER NEEDS SYNOPSIS Vatsala Mishra 2012183 Section C The past decade has seen a sudden and drastic change in the way work is done. Corporate culture has now embraced the dynamics of modern management thinking and is rapidly aligning itself with the evolving organizational environment. The HBR article ‘3 Skills Every 21st Century Manager Needs’ is a commentary on the evolving corporate structures that are more collaborative and less hierarchical. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 3 skill-sets that are mentioned are: 1. Code Switching Between Cultures: A critical practical challenge that organizations face in the increasingly interdependent global economy is the ability to function effectively across national cultural boundaries. Instead of operating exclusively within the cultural setting in which they were born and raised, individuals must now be capable of functioning appropriately in a wide variety of foreign cultural situations, many of which have different cultural norms for appropriate behaviour that may conflict with their core values and beliefs. In response to this challenge, a growing number of management scholars have examined the antecedents and consequences of successful long-term adaptation to a foreign culture. â€Å"To work well with foreign colleagues, you may have to risk feeling inauthentic and incompetent. † –Andrew L. Molinsky. 2. Wielding Digital Influence: Being culturally fluent means being able to enter a new context, master the norms, and feel comfortable doing so. Most managers understand how to use online tools, such as LinkedIn and Facebook, to build their networks. But few use these networks to gather information and wield influence. Here are three things you can do with a strong digital network: Test ideas: Test proposals and strategies both inside and outside your organization. Float an idea to see how many â€Å"likes† it gets or to direct people to a survey. Broker connections: Increase your influence by positioning yourself as a bridge between unconnected groups. Identify potential collaborations and make introductions. Get feedback: Good networkers rely on their contacts to give feedback on challenges. Post a message about your struggle and solicit input. As companies become less hierarchical, the effective use of online networks will be crucial to success. † –Thomas H. Davenport and Bala Iyer. 3. Dividing Attention Deliberately: How do our brains function naturally? Close your eyes for 5 minutes and notice how your thoughts zigzag, stray, jump and double back. To ‘unnaturally’ force our brain into giving any piece of work it’s undivided attention does not really promote productivity. In the example of the IBM employees, the collective distraction of all seven of them did not lower their productivity any bit. Therefore, training ourselves to give any task our undivided attention is unnatural and unnecessary. Recent surveys have shown that while ordinarily people assume that access to the internet decreases their level of productivity, it is actually quite the contrary. The productivity levels go up by over 9% and hence blaming technology for diverting our attention span is both misleading and unproductive. â€Å"Instead of battling distraction, embrace your brain’s proclivity for it. † –Cathy Davidson. How to cite 3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs, Essay examples

Nostalgic Marketing Of Merchandise Using †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Nostalgic Marketing Of Merchandise Using? Answer: Introducation The innovative business model idea is known as remind me then sell it is a kind of sales and marketing business idea. The business idea model utilizes nostalgia marketing to sell football merchandise such as shirts, shorts, scuffs and designed clothings to global customers. Nostalgia marketing is used in professional marketing to create positive memories among customers of historic events and happenings(Schlegelmilch, Bodo , 2013). Once memories are revisited from past events and pictures customers feel excited, connected and build relationship with the company products. Use of nostalgic marketing was borrowed from the music industry where current musicians are using old and modern music remix to elicit their listeners memories to purchase their songs(Ye, Chen, Sanjeev Jha, and Kevin, Desouza., 2015). The use of old music is to remind listeners of their old favorite music or musician. It is reported to be successful musicians are making billions of dollars by selling their products. Modern football communication is characterized with the use of social media as part of sharing information. Stakeholders in football industry use social media to capture attention of billions of supporters in the world. Much of the use of social media cover football analysis, gossips, matches, and transfer news and not much on sales of products. For example the BBC football in UK uses social media to inform audiences on new trends and topics in football. One of the biggest companies reaping from social media is the Dugout which is a United Kingdom conceived in 2014. The company is partnering with 20 of the biggest football clubs in world. The contract struck with the clubs is to build a huge fan base by enlisting its club activities, football superstars profiles. Last year the company was able to make billions of dollars from advertisements and endorsements from other companies. The innovative model remind me then sell originates from the gap that Dugout Company and others are not performing. Football industry currently is a profitable sport investment with plenty of opportunities. Each of the football fans follow their teams using social media and would like to associate with its activities and players. Football clubs are reaping billion dollars from sales of its merchandize like shirts, shorts, badges, scuffs, and head gears(Parente, David. Strausbaugh, Raphael, Hutchinson,Kimberley, 2014). In order to enter to the football market merchandise industry the remind me sell business model will use innovative idea to elicit excitement and connection among customers. The football industry harbors historical events and happenings which form the basis of the modern football. For example the football legends, number of historical cups worn by clubs and countries. Branding of modern football merchandize is based on current crop of superstars not much covers football legends, while historical events have been forgotten what is being talked about is the modern football. Successful teams, clubs, countries and players are still in the mind of their supporters. They continue building their current success or failure using history data as their benchmark(Moriarty, Samson., Mitchell, Nelly. D., Wells, Willy, Crawford., Brennan Spence-Stone (2014), 2014). The relationship between modern history and the current football creates a business opportunity to exploit. Billions of supporters need to be reminded on their past historical heritage to elicit their excitement and connection to their club, teams, country and players. By creating an historical event or happening in the social media and linking it with merchandized products. The nostalgic feelings created by the social media event posting may entice them to buy the products advertised to them(Wu, Shwu-Ing, and Ting-Ru Lin, 2014). Figure 1 shows a summary of the business model. Figure1 Business idea model The success of the business model will be depended on the partnership agreements and contract struck with major producers and clubs of the football merchandizes and products. The contract agreements will therefore eliminate risks arising from issues of patenting and products authorizations. In addition the partnership agreement will be with international online payment and shipment solutions. A combination of nostalgia marketing and social media will enable the business to cover a wider scope of audiences and create an innovative method that will excite and connect customers to the products. The business model remind me then sell will speed up market penetration, create a wider market share and build relationship among several football stakeholders(Team, B., Schori, A., MacLean, M., Shipe, J., Wickenkamp, A., Wehr, A., 2014). References Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N. D., Wells, W. D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L., Spence-Stone, R. (2014). (2014). Advertising: principles and practice. Strowburg : Pearson Australia. Parente, D. Strausbaugh, R, Hutchinson,K. (2014). Advertising campaign strategy: Aguide to marketing communication plans. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Schlegelmilch, Bodo B. (2013). Global Marketing Strategy. New York: Springer International Publishing:. Team, B., Schori, A., MacLean, M., Shipe, J., Wickenkamp, A., Wehr, A. (2014). Intergrated marketing communication plan. Bahmuda : Cengage publishers. Wu, Shwu-Ing, and Ting-Ru Lin. (2014). "The influence of relational bonds and innovative marketing on consumer perception-A study of theme parks. Journal of Management and Strategy , 54. Ye, Chen, Sanjeev Jha, and Kevin C. Desouza. (2015). Communicating the business value of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Science , 1-12.